RP2: Dissolved ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, Hg+, Cu+, Zn+ ions, etc.) monitoring sensors (ESR2, TYN)

The water quality is influenced by presence of heavy metal ions such as, arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, mercury, magnesium etc. Most of these metal ions originate from natural or anthropogenic sources. An excess of these ions level in the surface water causes health risk to human, water-living animals and to the environment. In Europe, the maximum acceptable concentration of these contaminants in water is set by the Water Framework Directing (WFD), and ranges from 80 ng/l for cadmium to 1.2 µg/l for lead. This project will design ion-sensitive multi-sensors on a single substrate and fabricate them using microelectronic processes compatible with mass manufacturing.